Hichilema begins second term amid disputed election

Zambia's President Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in for a second five-year term on Tuesday at a ceremony in Lusaka, with the main opposition leader in jail on treason charges. The inauguration took place against a backdrop of a disputed election and international observation of irregularities in the vote count.

Hichilema, 64, won the August 13 ballot with 60 percent of the vote according to official results, while runner-up Brian Mundubile, a former provincial government minister, received 38 percent. Mundubile alleged that the outcome had been tampered with, but was unable to mount a legal challenge as the courts were sealed off on the final day a case could be filed. Hichilema was sworn in alongside his running mate, Mutale Nalumango.

Thousands of cheering supporters wearing the red colours of Hichilema's UPND party packed the National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka for the ceremony, which was attended by a handful of African leaders, including Botswana's President Duma Boko and Tanzania's President Samia Suluhu Hassan.

Opposition leader arrested, charged with treason

The day after the election, security forces raided a property in the capital linked to Mundubile, killing a former cabinet minister and arresting a number of opposition politicians. The authorities said they were targeting a suspected militia posing a national security threat, and accused the opposition of planning an armed insurrection, which the opposition denied. Mundubile's NRPUP alliance strongly rejected the claims.

Mundubile and his running mate, Makebi Zulu, went into hiding after the raid. They surrendered to police nearly two weeks later and were charged with treason at the weekend, a charge they have denied. International observers have been critical of the arrests, a pause in the ballot-counting, and opposition claims of intimidation before the vote.

The election was marred by allegations of intimidation, pro-government bias and restrictions on the opposition, according to Africa News. Election observers said that while polling day was largely peaceful, some raised questions about the vote tallying process. European Union observers said staff in many tallying centres did not record results on tally sheets as soon as they were announced, cited weak verification between digital entries and paper records, and added that returning officers frequently paused proceedings while awaiting instructions from headquarters.

Mundubile and Zulu have roots in the Patriot Front party led by the late Edgar Lungu, Hichilema's predecessor and bitter rival. After losing the 2016 presidential election to Lungu, Hichilema himself was charged with treason for allegedly failing to pull over for the presidential motorcade, and spent four months in a maximum-security prison before the charges were dropped.

Economic record under scrutiny

Hichilema came to office in 2021 after a landslide victory, when Zambia had recently defaulted on its international debt and had an annual inflation rate of more than 24 percent. "We inherited a broken-down country… the economy was declining," Hichilema told the BBC in Lusaka before the election. The former businessman negotiated a restructuring of the debt and rebuilt relations with foreign creditors. Inflation has come down, but prices are still rising and many continue to struggle with the cost of living.

Hichilema has been credited with steering Zambia through a major economic turnaround during his first term. He pursued market-friendly reforms, abolished the death penalty and made primary and secondary education free. Critics say, however, that the economic growth has yet to translate into better living standards for ordinary households stretched by rising prices. More than 70 percent of Zambia's 22 million people live on less than three dollars a day, according to World Bank data. There are also charges that Hichilema's government has narrowed the space for political dissent.

Hichilema said he now wants to build on the foundations he laid over the past five years.