Warsh's Jackson Hole address shifts rate expectations
Federal Reserve Chair Kevin Warsh's keynote speech at the central bank's annual symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, has significantly altered investor expectations for the Fed's September meeting, with market-based odds of a rate hike now hovering around 50 percent.
Speaking at the Kansas City Fed's symposium, Warsh marked his 100th day in the job with a broad assessment of the US economy, declaring that it "appears to have strengthened" despite recent shocks, and that the labour market is consistent with full employment. He identified inflation as the central bank's dominant concern.
Inflation data and the Fed's standard
Warsh noted that the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCE), the Fed's preferred inflation gauge, stood at 3.7 percent on an annual basis as of July. He also pointed to broader price pressures: 54 percent of the basket's components rose by more than 3 percent over the past year, versus 32 percent in the two decades before the pandemic.
"While this summer's [inflation] readings were better than expected," Warsh said, "they do not tell me that underlying trends have meaningfully improved." He added that progress over the past two years has been "modest."
Warsh set out a clear standard for policy: "We must be confident that underlying inflation is moving to our objective, clearly and at sufficient speed. Otherwise, we have work to do. That's our job, our mandate and our charge to keep." He stressed that "short-term interest rates are the predominant tool to achieve the dual mandate," and that "it's the Fed's job to make sure that inflation expectations do not get unanchored."
Market reaction and probability shifts
The speech prompted a notable repricing in rate expectations. Traders of fed funds futures now see a nearly 56 percent chance of a quarter-point hike in September, according to the CME's FedWatch tool. On prediction market Kalshi, traders now see 48 percent odds of a hike, while on Polymarket, speculators indicated 49 percent odds. Before Warsh's speech, odds that the central bank would maintain the status quo in September were nearly 70 percent, as reported by CNBC. Al Jazeera reported that the CME Group's FedWatch shows a 57.4 percent chance of a rate hike at the next meeting in mid-September.
The shift follows a period of declining rate-hike odds after a weaker-than-expected employment report showed the U.S. lost jobs in July, and as inflation cooled while remaining above the Fed's 2 percent target. After the Fed's July meeting, investors were fairly certain of a rate hike in September, especially given that three members of the Federal Open Market Committee disagreed with the majority's decision to keep rates steady, arguing rates needed to move higher in response to elevated inflation.
In response to Warsh's remarks, short-term yields rose, with the 2-year Treasury yield hitting its highest level since late July. The Fed's rate decision is scheduled for September 16.
Warsh's broader policy stance
Warsh defended his refusal to signal future moves, rejecting calls to publish an explicit reaction function. He set out six principles for policy and closed with: "I stand here today committed to a discipline, not to a decision."
He also addressed longer-term issues, including the influence of artificial intelligence. He cited annualised AI token sales at the two leading labs exceeding $100 billion, up more than 500 percent in a year, and noted business investment in equipment-and intangibles growing at around 9 percent, the fastest since 2021. He said S&P 500 profits went up more than 20 percent over the year, and credit spreads are near historic lows with banks easing lending standards.
Warsh described broad financial conditions as not restrictive, despite strains in housing and agriculture. He stressed that the Fed "needs clear market signals, as unfiltered as possible," to set proper monetary policy, though he did not directly address recent market interventions by US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent.
Outlook and analysis
Capital Economics analysts wrote that Warsh's speech "delivered a far clearer – and hawkish – message than his last press conference appearance," and that "that leaves the door open to a hike earlier than our current forecast of December, if the forthcoming price data are firm."
Warsh noted that the recommendations of five task forces he has commissioned to study longer-term issues will come laterand will have no bearing on decisions made in the current policy conjuncture, but said that for future policy challenges, "this intellectual investment today will leave us far better prepared."