NDA's 2029 Plan for Simultaneous Elections

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is exploring the possibility of holding Assembly elections in the 22 states and Union Territories where it is in power alongside the 2029 Lok Sabha elections, according to multiple reports. This move, reported by The Indian Express and echoed by other outlets, would advance the timeline for the first full cycle of simultaneous elections under the proposed 'One Nation, One Election' (ONOE) framework from 2034 to 2029.

The plan, as described by sources familiar with the discussions, could involve dissolving state Assemblies before the completion of their terms. Of the 22 NDA-ruled states and UTs, 11 are due for elections in the two years preceding the 2029 Lok Sabha polls. Four states—Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Odisha—already hold their Assembly elections alongside the Lok Sabha polls. The NDA-ruled states scheduled for elections in 2027 and 2028 include Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, and Tripura, while Haryana, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra are due in 2029.

If the NDA retains its state governments, the Assemblies of the 22 states and UTs could be dissolved by January 2029, according to a source quoted by The Indian Express. This would be done through the Governors' powers under Article 174(2)(b) of the Constitution, which allows dissolution, usually on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Once dissolved, elections must be held within six months under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.

The potential term reductions vary: Assemblies of Goa, Gujarat, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand could see their terms cut by around three years, while Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, and Tripura could face reductions of about four years, as reported by The Indian Express and Outlook India.

Chief Ministers of Goa, Uttarakhand, Haryana, and Delhi have expressed support for aligning election schedules after meeting the parliamentary panel. Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta said the government would consider adjusting the Assembly's tenure if required, which in Delhi's case would mean shortening the current Assembly's term by around one year.

Constitutional Concerns Raised by Chidambaram and Think Tank

The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) examining the ONOE Bills heard strong opposition from former Union Minister P Chidambaram during a meeting on Monday. Chidambaram, appearing before the panel, decried the proposal as 'monstrous' and 'unconstitutional', and described it as a 'mindless' exercise, as reported by multiple outlets including Deccan Chronicle, Daily Excelsior, and The Times of India.

Chidambaram argued that since legislatures are elected for a five-year term, curtailing their tenure directly violates the basic structure of the Constitution. He also stated that his conscience does not allow him to support the Bills and stressed that the government lacks the two-thirds majority required to pass the legislation, sources told PTI and other outlets.

The Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, a think tank that briefed the panel, echoed these concerns. The Centre argued that curtailing the tenure of elected legislatures violates the Constitution's basic structure and flagged a specific provision—proposed Article 82A(3)—which empowers the Election Commission of India to modify constitutional provisions. This, the Centre said, 'could violate the basic structure of Constitution by effectively delegating the amending powers of Parliament'. It also noted a potential conflict of interest by allowing the EC to modify provisions governing elections. The Centre proposed clearly defining the grounds on which state elections may be deferred and restricting the scope of President's Rule by requiring polls to be held within six months.

Responses from the Committee Chairman

JPC Chairman PP Chaudhary, a BJP MP, responded to Chidambaram's submissions by saying that the former Union minister gave 'good inputs' but may have a different view as he represents a particular party. Chaudhary asserted that the move to hold simultaneous elections is not against the basic structure of the Constitution. He said the committee would examine all submissions before making recommendations, as reported by The Economic Times and other outlets.

Chaudhary also said that the committee is working in the national interest and that stakeholders are largely supportive. He claimed that nearly 99 per cent of stakeholders consulted so far are in favour of holding simultaneous elections, a figure reported by India TV News. He said the system could be implemented in 2029 if there is sufficient political will, though he clarified that the proposal does not mean voting would take place on a single day; elections would be held in phases based on the Election Commission's convenience.

Historical and Political Context

The push for simultaneous elections is not new. As Chaudhary highlighted in an interview with ANI, the idea has been discussed for decades. The Election Commission of India in 1983 acknowledged the burden of constant engagement in the electoral process and noted that holding simultaneous elections would be convenient for both the Commission and the nation. A committee on the 'Working of the Constitution', established by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, recommended in its 2002 report that simultaneous elections should be held nationwide. Reports from the Law Commission of India and the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and Justice, chaired by Congress MP Sudarsana Natchiappan, also recommended synchronised elections. The Ram Nath Kovind Committee, which included Union Home Minister Amit Shah, affirmed that simultaneous elections are in the national interest.

India held simultaneous elections from 1951 to 1967, but the cycle was disrupted after several state assemblies were dissolved prematurely in 1968 and 1969. The Fourth Lok Sabha was dissolved in 1970, and the Fifth Lok Sabha's term was extended until 1977 under Article 352 due to the Emergency. Since then, only a few Lok Sabha terms have lasted the full five years.

Opposition parties have consistently opposed the ONOE Bills, which were introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2024 and referred to the JPC. Congress general secretary Jairam Ramesh, when asked about the NDA's 2029 plan, declined to comment on the specifics, calling it hypothetical, but reiterated the party's stance: 'The Congress is opposed to One Nation One Election. It is unconstitutional, anti-democratic and against accountability.' The JPC is expected to submit its report during the winter session this year.

Perspectives

  • Government/NDA View: The NDA, via JPC Chairman PP Chaudhary, argues that simultaneous elections are in the national interest, citing decades of institutional support and potential benefits such as reduced expenditure, improved administrative efficiency, and uninterrupted development. The move is seen as a step towards implementing the ONOE framework.
  • Opposition/Congress View: P Chidambaram and the Congress party contend that the proposal is unconstitutional, violates the basic structure of the Constitution by curtailing state Assembly tenures, and lacks the necessary parliamentary majority. They have warned of a nationwide campaign against the legislation.
  • Legal/Institutional View: The Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, along with some Padma awardees who appeared before the committee, raised concerns about constitutional violations, potential conflicts of interest in empowering the Election Commission, and the risk of 'chaos' if implemented without adequate safeguards.