The Miner's Perspective

In the artisanal gold mines of eastern Congo's Ituri province, 11-year-old Isaac Batisa spends his days digging for gold, hoping to earn enough to support his family. His immediate concern is not the Ebola outbreak that has killed more than 2,300 people among at least 5,000 cases. "We don't know about Ebola here," he said, as reported by the Associated Press, which gained rare access to one of Ituri's largest mines in the locality of Iga-Barrière.

Batisa earns sometimes as little as $2 a day. He was encouraged to work at the mine by his aunt, after his parents and two brothers were killed in an attack by Congolese rebels. He now lives with his aunt and five siblings.

The Challenge of Tracking Miners

As the outbreak spreads faster than any other Ebola outbreak in history, a major source of concern for health officials is the constant movement of miners through hard-to-reach, unsafe territories. Although there are no known reports of the outbreak reaching any of Congo's mining sites, officials say it's difficult to know the true situation in these areas. Most new cases and deaths are reported among groups not being monitored, they say.

Mari Ndika, an Ebola response worker, said that artisanal miners may come into contact with several communities as they move from one place to another, which can facilitate transmission of the virus if a person is infected. Health workers lost track of two miners who were Ebola contacts after they moved to another mining site, according to Anna Ndroy Kansime. "They left for a destination that, to this day, remains unknown," she said. There is no reliable system for registering mine workers and tracking their movements, Kansime added.

Conditions at the Mines

Ebola spreads through direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person or through contaminated objects and surfaces. However, measures in place to limit the spread, such as regular handwashing and social distancing, are not followed at the artisanal mining sites, where work is done with basic hand tools like shovels and pans. Many of the mines are illegal, with miners making efforts to evade local authorities.

At the Iga-Barrière site, miners work in shafts that can extend dozens of meters underground, and tunnels are dug largely by hand, often with little reinforcement. Children work alongside adults, and pregnant women can be found in the open pits, sometimes late into their pregnancies, according to Kansime. Singoma Aimé, a 36-year-old miner, said, "We especially need hand-washing facilities because everyone comes from home to work at the site."

The Outbreak's Scale

The outbreak spans six provinces and is already the fastest-growing Ebola outbreak in history. It is on track to become history's deadliest if it surpasses the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak that killed more than 11,000 people. Nearly 5,000 people have been infected, including 2,325 deaths, with Ituri accounting for nearly 90% of the cases.

Experts believe the virus was spreading in the mining town of Mongbwalu as early as February, months before authorities declared the outbreak on May 15. The Mercy Corps aid group warned that Ebola cases have been reported along a major travel route about 35 kilometers (22 miles) from Congo's border with South Sudan, expressing concern over the outbreak's "widening footprint."

Trish Newport, emergency coordinator with Doctors Without Borders, said the outbreak's speed remains "extremely concerning" as it continues to outpace efforts to track and slow it. "We see family members that come in who have had 15 people in their family die. We rapidly need to scale up to be able to prevent more deaths from happening, more families and communities from being impacted," she said.

The Broader Context

The minerals in eastern Congo, including gold, coltan, tin, and tungsten, have been a source of decades-long conflict and economic opportunities. More than 100 militant and other armed groups operate in the region, including the ADF and CODECO militia in Ituri. About 2 million people work in artisanal and small-scale mining across Congo, according to a 2024 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. UNICEF estimates that 15% of children ages 5 to 17 in Congo are engaged in child labor.

Challenges to the Ebola response include impassable roads, the presence of armed groups, the movement of people displaced by violence, and the difficulty of slowing down miners as they move around, according to Kansime. "For many families, gold is what pays for food," she said.