India's food-safety regulators have conducted more than 24,000 raids since April, uncovering everything from pest infestations to adulterated ingredients, in a widening crackdown that has drawn praise from consumers but criticism from restaurant owners and industry groups. The campaign, which spans central and state-level agencies, has come to be defined by an unlikely alliance between regulators and social media users who have amplified complaints about hygiene in the country's $56 billion food services market.

A surge in inspections

Since April, Indian regulators have carried out more than 24,000 raids — nearly two-thirds of the total number of inspections conducted in the entire year through March 2023, according to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India's online database. The Maharashtra FDA alone has conducted more than 3,000 spot checks since May, with commissioner Tukaram Mundhe suspending operations at establishments ranging from exclusive clubs to fast-food chains.

Violations discovered during recent raids include infestations of flies, rats and cockroaches, expired or adulterated raw ingredients and improper storage. Some investigations were triggered directly by complaints submitted through government portals.

The heightened scrutiny follows scathing viral posts about unsanitary conditions on platforms like Instagram and X, which have proliferated in recent years amid growing awareness of food safety. Some of the probes have stemmed directly from complaints lodged via online portals set up by the government.

Consumer empowerment online

The crackdown reflects a broader sense of consumer empowerment, especially among young Indians who are using online networks to challenge institutions and businesses, echoing other recent mass movements in the country. "There was a lot of pressure from people on social media around this," said Ankur Bisen, senior partner at consumer consultancy The Knowledge Company, citing "massive awareness" about unhygienic food handling and storage practices.

"What's really common among a lot of these movements that are looking at seeking accountability is that there's this sense of data-oriented public communication that's happening," said Jitendra Chouksey, health activist and founder of fitness platform FITTR.

Widespread action

The campaign has spread across the country, from Jammu and Kashmir to Karnataka. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India and the Maharashtra FDA have cracked down on quick-commerce operators such as Blinkit and Instamart over hygiene violations at warehouses. Representatives for Blinkit did not respond to a request for comment.

The central regulator has also targeted large packaged-food companies like Dabur India Ltd. over allegedly misleading labels. Dabur said it was phasing out the problematic labeling.

In Jammu and Kashmir, authorities banned the sale, storage and distribution of some batches of ghee. The capital city of Gujarat state has asked more than 11,000 food establishments to install cameras inside their kitchens, according to local media reports. Karnataka FDA has been seizing and destroying food products unfit for consumption.

Industry pushback

The campaigns have not gone without criticism. The High Court in Mumbai has chided Maharashtra FDA head Tukaram Mundhe for taking a "pedantic instead of pragmatic view," according to local media reports. Mundhe, who has more than a million Instagram followers, has drawn criticism from restaurant owners who say his tactics are excessive.

"Rats are here. Cockroaches are here," said Prakash Shetty, owner of a casual restaurant in southern Mumbai, noting that pests are a ubiquitous presence in the city. "The penalties are too harsh."

The National Restaurants Association of India urged regulators to focus on education and avoid "unnecessary loss of reputation, public naming and shaming, or repeated reassessments that may amount to harassment."

Global scrutiny

The domestic crackdown comes amid heightened international attention on India's food safety record. Japan banned imports of items such as mangoes from India this year due to pest-control lapses. In 2024, countries including Singapore banned products from some Indian spice brands over concerns about contamination with carcinogenic pesticides.

Mundhe has said the campaign is part of a wider effort to modernize India. The heightened inspections follow years of complaints by consumers about a food services industry that has long had a poor reputation for safety. The regulators' approach of public shaming, combined with hefty fines and suspensions, appears to be working in bringing hygiene standards to the forefront of public discourse in India.