Xi arrives in Cairo for landmark visit

Chinese President Xi Jinping arrived in Egypt on Tuesday evening for a three-day visit, his first to the Arab world's most populous nation in a decade. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi welcomed Xi at Cairo International Airport, where a red-carpet ceremony was held, with Egyptian and Chinese flags adorning the venue.

The visit comes as both countries face the threat of US sanctions over financial links to Iran. The months-long Middle East war, which began when the United States and Israel launched strikes against Iran on February 28, has disrupted the region's trade and energy flows. Washington has vowed to destabilise Iran economically, warning of expanded sanctions against Tehran's backers and partners that could hit Egyptian and Chinese banks.

Strategic partnership on display

The leaders marked 70 years of diplomatic ties by publishing opinion pieces in Egypt's state-run newspapers. Xi wrote that Beijing and Cairo should "expand the scope of pragmatic collaboration" through development. In an op-ed in the state newspaper Al-Ahram, Sisi said that "Egypt and China have become partners contributing together to strengthening the role of the Global South in the international system."

In commentary published by the Chinese state news agency Xinhua, Xi described the two countries as "close brothers standing by each other" in the face of imperialism and colonialism.

Egypt has been seeking deeper ties with Beijing since at least 2014, when recently elected Sisi travelled to China to sign a strategic partnership deal, according to A. Hellyer, a scholar at the Royal United Services Institute think tank. Hellyer said Cairo's messaging toward Washington has softened since then, but "questions of American reliability and volatility" raised by the wars in Gaza and Iran have reinforced Egypt's desire to diversify partnerships. "Egypt sees itself as moving toward greater strategic autonomy," he said, adding that "it wants strong relations with Washington, but also Beijing, Moscow, and Europe."

Chinese investment in Egypt has surged in recent years, with billions flowing into sectors such as manufacturing, ports, solar energy, green hydrogen, and satellite technology. China has invested more than $10 billion in Egypt, building a business hub and an electric rail line, according to government figures. Annual trade between the two countries is estimated at $20 billion.

Regional context and military ties

The visit follows Xi's participation in a Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Kyrgyzstan, where he spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin and other leaders. It also comes after Beijing hosted Jordan's King Abdullah II last week, a visit in which the issue of Palestinian rights featured prominently. Xi told Abdullah in August that China "believes the sovereignty and security of regional countries" should be respected.

Both China and Egypt support an independent Palestinian state as part of a two-state solution. Egypt, a long-time recipient of US military aid, has warned against regional escalation after a drone strike hit one of its ports in July.

Last month, Egypt hosted its second annual military exercises with China, which included the first deployment of China's J-16 jets to Africa and a rare air combat drill involving the Chinese-made fighters and French-made Rafales, according to Chinese state media. A Chinese air force tanker was also pictured refuelling a Rafale.

Experts see strategic calculus

Analysts say the visit reflects China's broader ambitions in the region. Gamal Salama, political science professor at Egypt's Suez University, said Xi's visit "comes at a time when China's economic interests are directly exposed to the US-Iran war." He added that "China sees Cairo as a strategic power broker," with Egypt's relations with Washington and regional actors giving Beijing "political access and diplomatic leverage across a region where China wants a much greater say."

Liu Jia, a research fellow at the Singapore-based Middle East Institute, said China is "clearly seeking Egypt's cooperation in managing and shaping regional affairs."

Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, a Middle East expert, said China has good reason to strengthen ties with Egypt because it controls the Suez Canal, which has become an important alternative path for energy supplies due to disruption of oil shipments through the Strait of Hormuz. Xi views Egypt as a base to reach the wider Arab and African world, Rakhmat said.

Eric Olander, co-founder of the China Global South Project, said Egypt was an "obvious choice" for Xi to visit because it is at the heart of a variety of regional issues. "It touches on Israel, and the Palestinian issue. It touches on Africa. It touches on the Persian Gulf issue," he said.

Sanctions pressure and Egypt's balancing act

As part of its economic pressure campaign targeting Iran, Washington last week said it would cut off the operations of Egypt's Banque Misr in the UAE from the US financial system. China, in response to US measures and threats, has vowed to safeguard its interests.

China is a major buyer of Iranian oil, purchasing more than 80% of Iran's shipments, and has presented itself as a neutral party in the Middle East conflict, repeatedly calling for a lasting ceasefire. Beijing says its trade with Iran has always abided by international law.

The visit comes amid expectations of a meeting between Xi and US President Donald Trump later this month, as reported by some sources. The leaders are also expected to sign agreements on artificial intelligence, transport, energy, and investment in the Suez Canal Economic Zone, according to Egyptian media reports.

Salama said Egypt is seeking strategic autonomy, "not breaking with Washington nor aligning completely with Beijing."