Xi's Cairo visit: A push for regional autonomy

Chinese President Xi Jinping urged Middle Eastern nations to oppose external interference and consider reshaping the region's security order during a visit to Egypt on Wednesday, his first trip to Cairo in a decade. According to China's state news agency Xinhua, Xi said countries in the region should be "masters of their own destiny" and explore a new regional "security architecture." The remarks came as Xi met Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who welcomed him with a military ceremony in the capital.

Xi's first Middle East trip in four years comes as US partners in the region reassess their strategic relationships after months of conflict involving the United States and Iran that have disrupted trade, shaken economies, and raised questions about Washington's long-term role, as reported by multiple outlets.

During the talks, Xi also said China was ready to work with regional countries to safeguard shipping routes, an issue that has gained importance after conflict disrupted traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb. The leaders agreed to deepen security cooperation and counterterrorism coordination, Xinhua reported. The two sides also agreed to expand cooperation in data centers, semiconductors, and critical metals supply chains, and to strengthen the use of each other's currencies in trade and investment, according to a joint statement.

Egypt's strategic balancing act

For Egypt, stronger ties with China fit a broader effort to diversify international partnerships. In an article published ahead of the visit, Sisi said Egypt pursued a policy of "strategic balance" at a time of growing global rivalry. He also wrote that Egypt and China were partners in "strengthening the role of the global south" in an increasingly polarised world, as reported in several accounts of the op-ed.

"Egypt wants to widen the circle of its relations with major world powers, including China," former Egyptian diplomat Ayman Zaineldine told Reuters. "So the visions converge."

Analysts have noted that Cairo intends to use the summit to underscore its strategic autonomy, leveraging its close ties with both Washington and Beijing. Egypt is one of the largest recipients of US military aid and has historically been a key Middle East mediator.

The visit unfolds against the backdrop of looming US sanctions over financial links to Iran. Washington vowed last month to isolate Iran economically, threatening expanded sanctions that could also hit Chinese banks, among others. Last week, the US Treasury announced sanctions on the Emirati branch of Egypt's Banque Misr for alleged support to Iran. China, a major buyer of Iranian oil, has vowed to safeguard its interests.

Economic and military cooperation on display

The two-day visit saw the presidents sign a slate of economic agreements and discuss the fallout from the US-Iran war. China has become a major economic partner for Egypt, with its trade surplus reaching $12 billion in the first seven months of 2026, according to Chinese customs data. Egypt imported some $10 billion of Chinese goods in the first half of this year alone.

Chinese investment has risen rapidly since Sisi visited China and signed a strategic partnership agreement in 2014. Egypt's cabinet says the Suez Canal Economic Zone has attracted about $4 billion in Chinese investment. Egyptian authorities announced plans to expand a Chinese-developed industrial area in the zone, and ZC Rubber Group signed a preliminary agreement to study a $500 million tyre-making complex.

Chinese investment has also played a key role in Sisi's megaprojects agenda, including funding the Finance and Business District in the New Administrative Capital, 50km east of Cairo. Beijing has a major foothold in the Suez Canal Economic Zone, where Xi and Sisi discussed expanding investments as the US-Iran war continues to threaten global maritime trade.

In August, Egypt hosted major joint air combat exercises with the Chinese military featuring Beijing's J-16 fighter jet. The "Eagles of Civilization" exercises included an air combat drill involving Chinese-made J-16 jets and French-made Rafale aircraft.

A warm welcome in the capital

Xi arrived in Cairo on Tuesday evening with First Lady Peng Liyuan, and they were received by Sisi and First Lady Entissar Amer. On their way off the tarmac, they were greeted by a troupe of folk dance performers and flanked by two rows of teenagers wearing T-shirts bearing photos of Xi.

Across Cairo, a megalopolis home to over 26 million people, major streets were lined with Chinese and Egyptian flags, as well as billboards showing Sisi and Xi. Street signs boasted of "generations of Egyptian-Chinese friendship flowing like the Nile River." Xi was expected to traverse the entire capital during his visit, including a stop at the Grand Egyptian Museum overlooking the Giza Pyramids.

The two BRICS members were expected to sign a series of agreements expanding economic trade, including in artificial intelligence, transport, and energy. Sisi's office confirmed an agreement to launch the third phase of the Egyptian-Chinese industrial zone at the Suez Canal, which already hosts 200 companies.

Regional implications

A. Hellyer, a scholar at the Royal United Services Institute think tank, said Egypt represents "a large domestic market for investment opportunities, and a lot of diplomatic weight in the region" for Beijing. Egypt's diplomatic influence extends across the Arab world, Africa, and on the Palestinian issue, as noted by analysts.

China has also facilitated rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and its growing engagement with the region signals ambitions that extend beyond economics. As one analysis put it, Beijing is no longer positioning itself merely as the Middle East's largest commercial partner or a major buyer of energy; it increasingly wants a role in shaping the region's security and geopolitical order.